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Family Conflict & Violence
Bennet, D; Sullivan, M; and Lewis, M. (2005) Young Children's Adjustment as a Function of Maltreatment, Shame, and Anger. Child Maltreatment 10(4); 311-323. Available online at: http://cmx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/10/4/311
The authors explore the relationship between shame, anger, and behavior problems. From the abstract: “Shame, anger, age, and type of maltreatment appear to be important factors in explaining variance in behavioral adjustment following a history of maltreatment.”Johnson, Michael P. (2006, November). A “general” theory of intimate partner violence: A working paper. Paper presented at the Theory Construction and Research Methodology Pre-Conference Workshop, National Council on Family Relations annual meeting. Minneapolis, Minnesota. Available online at: http://www.personal.psu.edu/mpj/2006%20TCRM.doc
Kelly, Joan B. and Michael P. Johnson. (2008). Differentiation among types of intimate partner violence: Research update and implications for interventions. Family Court Review 46 (3), 476-499. Available online at: http://www.personal.psu.edu/mpj/2008%20FCR%20Kelly%20and%20Johnson.pdf
From the abstract: “A growing body of empirical research has demonstrated that intimate partner violence is not a unitary phenomenon and that types of domestic violence can be differentiated with respect to partner dynamics, context, and consequences. Four patterns of violence are described: Coercive Controlling Violence, Violent Resistance, Situational Couple Violence, and Separation-Instigated Violence.”Kishor, Sunita and Kiersten Johnson. 2004. Profiling Domestic Violence – A Multi-Country Study. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro. Available online at: http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/OD31/OD31.pdf
From the Executive Summary: “This study uses household and individual-level data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program to examine the prevalence and correlates of domestic violence and the health consequences of domestic violence for women and their children. Nationally representative data from nine countries—Cambodia (2000), Colombia (2000), the Dominican Republic (2002), Egypt (1995), Haiti (2000), India (1998-1999), Nicaragua (1998), Peru (2000), and Zambia (2001-2002)—are analyzed within a comparative framework to provide a multifaceted analysis of the phenomenon of domestic violence.”Perry, B.D. (1997) Incubated in Terror: Neurodevelopmental Factors in the ‘Cycle of Violence.’ In Children, Youth and Violence: The Search for Solutions (J Osofsky, Ed.). Guilford Press, New York, pp 124-148. Available online from: http://www.childtrauma.org/CTAMATERIALS/incubated.asp
Perry discusses the risks and impacts associated with child exposure to violence. Though over a decade old, this is still one of the most important articles for peacebuilders addressing family violence.Pinheiro, Paulo (2006). World Report on Violence Against Children. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations. Available online from: http://www.unicef.org/violencestudy/3.%20World%20Report%20on%20Violence%20against%20Children.pdf
The author includes reports on violence against children in a variety of contexts, including families and schools. He discusses violence against children as a threat to global development.Saguy, T., Tausch, N., Dovidio, J. and Pratto, F. (2009) “The Irony of Harmony: Intergroup Contact Can Produce False Expectations for Equality." Psychological Science 20:1, 114-121. Online publication date: 1-Feb-2009.
Tsang, J. and Stanford, M. (2006) Forgiveness for intimate partner violence: The influence of victim and offender variables. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 653-664 Retrieved 12 January 2008 from: http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/35618.pdf
From the abstract: “In women, empathy and general religiousness positively related to forgiveness, but attributions of blame were unrelated to forgiveness. Several dispositional variables in men were associated with forgiveness in women. Men who were more dominant were more likely to be forgiven, but men with more psychological problems were less likely to be forgiven. Many offender effects were mediated by women’s state empathy.” These trends have important implications for peacebuilding, especially those involving forgiveness and reconciliation.Walker, Lenore (January 1999). Psychology and Domestic Violence Around the World. American Psychologist. January 1999; 54, 1; 21-29. Retrieved 28 February from: http://www.ugr.es/~prodopsi/sitioarchivos/Archivos/Walker%201999.pdf
Walker discusses the progress of and challenges faced when implementing domestic violence services in contexts outside of North America. Topics include: human rights, legal systems, public health approaches, and sociocultural factors.
Family Conflict & Violence in Cambodia
Cecil, Catherine et al (2005). Violence Against Women – A Baseline Survey (MOWA: Phnom Penh, Cambodia).
The most recent comprehensive look at Cambodia, including values and attitudes.
CAMBOW (2007). Violence Against Women: How Cambodian Laws Discriminate Against Women. LICADHO: Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Available online at: http://www.licadho.org/reports.php?perm=112
This report discusses the legal situation of family violence in Cambodia by analyzing relevant Cambodian laws in light of CEDAW (UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women), interviews with CAMBOW (Cambodian Committee of Women) and clients. It includes case studies.Ketchum, David and Holly Ketchum (2008). Understanding Family Violence in Cambodia: A Background Study (Phnom Penh: Peace Bridges). Available at: http://dv-in-cambodia.blogspot.com/
This literature review is divided into 2 sections. The first looks at literature from a (mainly) North American perspective with an eye to relevance to the Southeast Asian context. The second reviews literature from Cambodia. It also includes good bibliographies with lots of links to online documents. It was written for Peace Bridges and includes program recommendations.Lim, Jo-Ann. (2009 June) Out of Court Resolutions of Violence Against Women: Practices and Issues in Cambodia. DanChurchAid. Available online at: http://www.danchurchaid.org/where_we_work/asia/cambodia/read_more/new_report_women_are_trapped_in_violent_marriages
This very timely and important study includes a focus on reconciliation processes, including: 1) “[W]hether or not a community has been provided with a strong NGO presence or given training on domestic violence and relevant issues does not appear to impact on the resolution process itself. Cultural norms that emphasise the importance of the family, reconciliation and the shame of divorce continue to mould resolution processes in every community.” 2) “Authorities’ main method for resolving domestic violence cases involves meeting both parties, educating the parties not to commit violence and reconciling the couple so that they would not divorce.” And 3) “Authorities continue to perpetuate cultural stereotypes that force a woman to submit to her husband. ... Traditional attitudes and cultural norms that discriminate against women on the basis of female inferiority and male superiority, prioritize the needs of the family and the family’s reputation over the needs of the survivor and of her safety.”Nelson & Zimmerman (1996). Household Survey on Domestic Violence in Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Ministry of Women’s Affairs and Project Against Domestic Violence.
Zimmerman, Cathy. (1994) Plates in a Basket Will Rattle: Domestic Violence in Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Project Against Domestic Violence (PADV).
These two studies were foundational for the development of family violence interventions in Cambodia. Plates in a Basket is a collection of case studies illustrating the nature and impact of violence on specific members of the community. Household Survey was the first attempt to document the prevalence of family violence in present-day Cambodia.
Healthy Family Systems
Krysan, Moore, & Zill (1990). Identifying Successful Families: An Overview of Constructs and Selected Measures. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Child Trends, Inc. Available online at: http://aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/Reports/ressucfa.htm
Peterson, Gayle (1996-2003). Tip sheet: Ten Processes (Qualities) that Support Healthy Family Relationships (excerpted from Making Healthy Families. Shadow and Light Publishers). Available online at: http://www.askdrgayle.com/seminar_j.htm
Research Methodology
The following resources provide an introduction to case study research methodology.
Baxter, Pamela and Jack, Susan. (2008, December) "Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers." The Qualitative Report 13:4, 544-559. Available online at: http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR13-4/baxter.pdf
Tellis, Winston. (1997, July). "Introduction to Case Study." The Qualitative Report. 3:2. Available at: http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR3-2/tellis1.html
Tellis. Winston. (1997, September). "Application of a case study methodology." The Qualitative Report, 3:3. Available at: http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR3-3/tellis2.html
Yin, Robert. (1989) Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Sage: Newbury Park, CA.
The following document is also very useful for anyone interested in conducting or understanding research investigating family and gender-based violence.
Ellsberg, Mary and Heise, Lori. Researching Violence Against Women: A Practical Guide for Researchers and Activists. Washington DC, United States: World Health Organization, PATH; 2005. Available at: http://www.path.org/files/GBV_rvaw_front.pdf
This is a very helpful document, including for practitioners not conducting research but who would like to understand research methodologies and domestic violence materials better. It includes a very good appendix pointing practitioners to important web resources in a variety of domains (e.g., media, health sector, community programs, etc.).
